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If P and Q are two statements, then which of the following compound statement is a tautology ?

(1) ((P ⇒ Q) ∧ ~ Q) ⇒ Q

(2) ((P ⇒ Q) ∧ ~ Q) ⇒ ~ P

(3) ((P ⇒ Q) ∧ ~ Q) ⇒ P

(4) ((P ⇒ Q) ∧ ~ Q) ⇒ (P ∧ Q)

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Answer: (b)


(P ⇒ Q) ^ ~ Q

= (~ P ∨ Q) ^ ~ Q

≡ (~ P ∧ ~ Q) ∨ (Q ∧ ~ Q)

= (~ P ∨ ~ Q) ∨ (Q ^ ~ Q)

= ~ (P ∨ Q)

Now,

(1) ~ (P v Q) ⇒ P

= (P v Q) v P

= P v Q

(2)

~ (P v Q) ⇒ ~ P

= (P v Q) v ~ P

= T

(3) ~ (P v Q) ⇒ (P ^ Q)

= (P v Q) v (P ^ Q)

= P v Q

(4) ~ (P v Q) ⇒ Q

= (P v Q) v Q

= P v Q

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