Notable Scholars in Europe :
René Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who is widely regarded as the founder of modern Western philosophy. He is best known for his famous statement "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) and his emphasis on the importance of reason and skepticism.
Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher who was known for his wit and criticism of organized religion and political institutions. His works include plays, novels, essays, and letters, many of which were controversial and critical of the established social order.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist who is best known for his theories of socialism, communism, and historical materialism. His works, including "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital," had a profound impact on political and economic theory and inspired revolutionary movements throughout the world.
Leopold von Ranke was a German historian who is considered to be one of the founders of modern historiography. He emphasized the importance of empirical research and objectivity in historical analysis and is known for his rigorous attention to detail and use of primary sources.
